Supplementation of crossbred cows with maize and urea in tropical pasture / Suplementação de vacas mestiças com milho e ureia em pastagem tropical

This research article aims to evaluate the effect of total replacement of corn by soybean meal and urea on intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter and its components, production and composition of milk and feeding behavior of lactating cows grazing, with intermittent stocking Mombaça grass (Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombaça). Twelve milking cows were distributed in a triple 4 x 4 latin square. Experimental treatments consisted of four soybean meal replacement levels by corn more urea (0; 33; 66; 100%). The grass has an average content of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber of 19% and 59%, respectively. The replacement of soybean meal by corn and urea did not affect the intake and digestibility of nutrients. A linear reduction of milk production was observed, but there was no change in milk production corrected to 4.0% of fat. The milk components (g/kg) of fat, protein, lactose, and total solids were not altered, as well as feeding behavior. Under the conditions of this study, the replacement of the diets is suitable for crossbred dairy cows in lactation third medium, producing in average of 12.5 kg/day-1 when kept in quality pastures.(AU)

Este artigo de pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da substituição total do milho pelo farelo de soja e ureia sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e de seus componentes, a produção e a composição do leite e o comportamento alimentar de vacas em lactação mantidas em pastos capim-mombaça (Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombaça) manejado sob lotação intermitente. Doze vacas em lactação foram distribuídas em um quadrado latino triplo 4 x 4. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram de quatro níveis de substituição do farelo de soja pelo milho mais ureia (0; 33; 66; 100%). O capim-mombaça apresentou um teor médio de proteína bruta e de fibra em detergente neutro de 19% e 59%, respectivamente. A substituição do farelo de soja por milho e ureia não afetou o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Observou-se redução linear da produção de leite, mas não houve alteração na produção de leite corrigida para 4,0% de gordura. Os componentes do leite (g/kg): gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais não foram alterados, assim como o comportamento ingestivo dos animais. Nas condições deste estudo, a substituição total do milho pelo farelo de soja e ureia nas dietas é adequada para vacas mestiças leiteiras em terço médio de lactação, produzindo, em média, 12,5 kg / dia-1 quando mantidas em pastagens de qualidade.(AU)

Changes in somatic cell count, composition and cytokine levels in milk from cows with mastitis due to mixed infections

Mastitis is a mammary gland inflammation that is very common worldwide, mostly caused by bacteria, and causes enormous economic losses. Many microorganisms cause this disease. The most common causes of mastitis by these microorganisms are Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae). The anti-inflammatory properties of transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß include: 1) limiting interferon (IFN)-γ production; 2) increasing the expression of the interleukine (IL)-1 receptor antagonist; 3) inhibiting macrophage production of chemokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen intermediates; and 4) increasing macrophage clearance of bacterial debris and damaged parenchymal cells. It is stated that cytokines and milk composition change in case of mastitis. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the changes in milk TGF-ß1 and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations and milk composition in mixed infections caused by three pathogens causing mastitis. In this study, milk samples from 90 cows were divided into 5 groups. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TGF-ß1 concentrations and milk composition were determined in these milk samples. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) was applied to the cows included in the study and scoring was done. According to the CMT results of the milk samples taken, CMT(-) cows were included in group 1 (n = 22). Those with the CMT(+) were sent to the microbiology laboratory for analysis within 2 h. After the bacteria was determined, combination groupings were formed. Group 2 (n = 17), in which S. aureus and E. coli grew together, group 3 (n = 21), in which S. aureus and S. agalactiae grew together, group 4 (n = 8), in which S. agalactiae and E. coli grew together in milk samples, and milk samples without any bacterial growth in CMT (+) formed group 5 (n = 22), respectively. Somatic cell count was measured with the DeLaval Cell Counter® (Cell Counter DCC) device. Mineral matter, fat, protein, lactose, electrical conductivity and specific gravity were measured in milk samples using Lactoscan Milk Analyzer (Milkotronic/EUROPE). Milk samples were then stored at -80°C to measure TGF-ß1 and TNF-α. Tumor necrosis factor-α and TGF-ß1 concentrations in milk samples were measured using ELISA kits (Sunred Biological Technology). Changes in milk TNF-α and TGF-ß1 concentration and milk composition were determined in milk samples with mastitis caused by mixed infection. The TNF-α concentration of group 4 was higher than the other groups. On the other hand, the highest concentration of TGF-ß1 was found in group 2. While the number of somatic cells in group 1 was lower than in groups 2, 3, and 4, there was no statistical difference between groups 1 and 5. The lowest milk fat ratio was found in group 1, and it was found to be statistically lower than groups 2, 3, and 4. While the rate of solid-non-fat of group 1 increased compared to groups 2 and 3, the highest protein ratio was found in groups 1 and 5. There was no difference between the 5 groups in terms of mineral matter ratios. While the specific gravity was highest in group 1, there was no statistical difference between the other 4 groups. Overall, it was concluded that there was an increase in TNF-α and TGF-ß1 concentrations and a change in milk composition in samples with bacterial growth.(AU)

Effect of Shatavari Root Powder (Asparagus racemosus) Supplementation on Milk Composition of Sahiwal Crossbred Cows

The present investigation was conducted to assess the effect of Shatavari root powder (Asparagus racemosus) supplementation on milk composition of Sahiwal crossbred cows during summer season on twenty lactating Sahiwal crossbred (H.F. × Sahiwal) cows in early stage of lactation were selected for the experiment. All the cows were randomly divided into two groups T1 (control) and T2 (Treatment) of 10 in each group. The treatment group was provided Shatavari root powder @ 50 g/head/day for 90 days post partum. Data related to milk composition takes fortnightly interval. The overall average milk fat, Protein and Lactose percent during the experimental period in T1 and T2 groups were 3.77 ± 0.01, 3.84 ± 0.03, 3.43 ± 0.01 and 3.46 ± 0.01, 4.54 ± 0.06 and 4.69 ± 0.06 percent respectively, there was no significant (P<0.05) differences between T1 and T2 groups. The overall average solid not fat (values) and total solid (values) differed significantly (P<0.05) between T1 and T2 groups 8.84 ± 0.04, 9.11 ± 0.11, 12.66 ± 0.03 and 13.02 ± 0.14% in T1 and T2 groups was significantly (P<0.05)

Effect of electroacupuncture at Shaoze (SI 1) on breast milk volume and composition in postpartum hypogalactia / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of electroacupuncture at Shaoze (SI 1) on breast milk volume and nutrient composition in postpartum hypogalactia.@*METHODS@#A total of 62 women with postpartum hypogalactia were randomized into an observation group (31 cases, 3 cases dropped off) and a control group (31 cases, 3 cases dropped off). Electroacupuncture was exerted at Shaoze (SI 1) in the observation group and at Shangyang (LI 1) in the control group, 10 Hz in frequency, 30 min each time, once a day. The treatment for 5 times as one course and 3 courses of treatment were required totally. Separately, before treatment and at the end of 1 course and 3 courses of treatment, the breast milk volume was measured and the composition was analyzed. The breast milk volume, nutrient composition (lactose, fat and protein), breast milk energy and density were observed in the two groups. After treatment, the clinical effect was compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#In the observation group, after 1 course of treatment, the breast milk volume and the values of lactose and protein in the breast milk were increased as compared with those before treatment, the breast milk energy and density were increased as compared with those before treatment (all <0.05). After 3 courses of treatment, the breast milk volume and the values of nutrient composition (lactose, fat and protein) were improved as compared with those before treatment, and the breast milk energy and density were increased obviously as compared with those before treatment in the observation group (all <0.05). In the control group, after 1 course and 3 courses of treatment, only breast milk volume was increased obviously as compared with that before treatment (both <0.05). After 1 course of treatment, the nutrient composition (lactose and protein), breast milk energy and density in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (all <0.05). After 3 courses of treatment, the levels of breast milk volume, nutrient composition (lactose, fat and protein), breast milk energy and density in the observation group were all higher than those in the control group (all <0.05). The effective rate was 92.9% (26/28) in the observation group, which was higher than 17.9% (5/28) in the control group (<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Electroacupuncture at Shaozhe (SI 1) increases breast milk volume in patients with postpartum hypogalactia and promotes the production of the nutrient composition in breast milk, as well as the breast milk energy and density.

Influence of Pregnancy, Parity and Stage of Lactation on Milk Yield and Composition in Crossbred Dairy Cattle

The present study was conducted to explore the effect of pregnancy, parity and stage of lactation on milk yield and milk composition in crossbred cattle maintained at Livestock Research Station, Thiruvazahmkunnu, Palakkad, under Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. The farm is located at latitude, longitude and altitude of 11o21’ N, 76o21’ E and 60-70 m above sea level and having a mean annual rainfall of 2,570 mm. Milk samples from 44 crossbred cows in different parity, stage of pregnancy and lactation were collected for seven consecutive days and composition was analyzed using Ekomilk Ultra pro milk analyzer (Milkana KAM 98-2A). The overall mean milk yield, fat, SNF, protein and lactose were 7.9 kg, 3.6%, 8.1%, 3.2% and 4.2%, respectively. Pregnant cows had significantly (p<0.05) lower milk yield (6.06 vs 8.30 kg) and significantly (p<0.05) higher lactose (4.35 vs 4.23%) and SNF per cent (8.28 vs 8.01%) when compared to non-pregnant cows. Order of parity didn’t have any influence on milk yield nor on the milk constituents. The mean milk yields during the three stages of lactation (<100 days, 100-200 days and >200 days) were 9.23, 7.57 and 6.52 kg/day, respectively, with peak yield being observed during the first stage of lactation (<100 days). The stage of lactation had significant effect (p<0.05) on milk yield and fat per cent whereas the other components were not influenced by the stage of lactation

Variation of cow's milk composition across different daily milking sessions and feasibility of using a composite sampling / Variação da composição do leite de vaca em diferentes turnos diários de ordenha e viabilidade de usar uma amostragem composta

ABSTRACT: This study vised to detect possible changes in chemical and cellular composition of cow's milk at different milking sessions and to test if proportional or composite milk sampling can be used instead of separate milk analysis. Two experiments were conducted: one in cows milked thrice daily and the other one in cows milked twice daily. In both experiments, three milk samples were collected from each cow in each milking session in order to determine milk composition at each milking; to have a composite sample, i.e., a single sample from the same aliquots of milk from each milking session; and to have a proportional sample, i.e., a single sample from each milking session in a volume proportional to milk volume yielded. Fat content and fat to protein ratio were higher in the afternoon on both experiments. Protein content was larger in the afternoon on cows milked twice daily, but not on cows milked thrice daily. Lactose level was not different across the milking sessions in any of the experiments. The urea level was higher in the afternoon and evening milking on cows milked thrice daily, and in the morning milking on cows milked twice daily. Somatic cell count did not differ between milking in any experiment. No difference in milk composition was noted between proportional and composite samples on cows milked thrice or twice daily. The collection of proportional and composite samples is recommended in twice or thrice daily milking sessions so that the analysis of milk components becomes more easy and cheap.

RESUMO: Este estudo visou detectar possíveis mudanças na composição química e celular do leite de vaca em diferentes sessões de ordenha, e testar se a amostragem de leite proporcional ou composta pode ser usada em vez de uma análise separada do leite. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos: um em vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia e outro em vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia. Em ambos os experimentos, três amostras de leite foram coletadas de cada vaca em cada ordenha: para determinar a composição do leite em cada ordenha; ter uma amostra composta, isto é, uma única amostra das mesmas alíquotas de leite de cada sessão de ordenha; e ter uma amostra proporcional, ou seja, uma única amostra de cada sessão de ordenha em um volume proporcional ao volume de leite produzido. O conteúdo de gordura e a relação gordura:proteína foram maiores no período da tarde nos dois experimentos. O conteúdo de proteína foi maior à tarde nas vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia, mas não nas vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia. O nível de lactose não foi diferente nas sessões de ordenha em nenhum dos experimentos. O nível de ureia foi maior à tarde e à noite, nas vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia e, pela manhã, nas vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia. A contagem de células somáticas não diferiu entre as ordenhas em nenhum experimento. Não houve diferença na composição do leite entre as amostras proporcionais e compostas em vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia. Recomenda-se a coleta de amostras proporcionais e compostas em duas ou três sessões diárias de ordenha, para que a análise dos componentes do leite se torne mais fácil e barata.

Milk quality: milking personnel associated factors / Calidad de la leche: factores asociados al personal vinculado al ordeño

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify factors associated with high and low Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) levels in bulk tanks of dairy farms in Southeast Brazil. Materials and methods. A total of 68 dairy herds with high and low bulk tank SCC levels were analyzed. Surveys and checklists were applied to the personnel regarding milking routines and equipment. Results. Milkers and management personnel explained up to 40.28% of the variability among herds, while the milker's well-being and stability explained up to 28%. Planning and organization were relevant for SCC, as well as the state of the equipment and the milking routine. According to separate analyzes of employees and owners, employees have greater variability in terms of knowledge on milk production, mastitis, milking routine, and experience. Conclusion. There are qualifying factors in milking systems in southeastern Brazil associated with milking personnel, equipment and milking routine. Understanding these factors will enable the implementation of strategies to produce better quality milk.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar factores asociados a altos y bajos niveles de recuentos de células somáticas (RCS) en tanques de hatos lecheros del Sudeste de Brasil. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 68 hatos lecheros con niveles altos y bajos de RCS en tanque. Para identificar factores asociados al personal vinculado al ordeño y relacionarlos con RCS se aplicaron encuestas y listas de chequeo para la rutina y el equipo de ordeño. Resultados. El personal vinculado al ordeño, administración y gestión del productor explicaron hasta el 40.28% de la variabilidad entre rebaños, mientras que el bienestar y la estabilidad del ordeñador explicaron hasta el 28%. La planeación y organización del productor fueron relevantes en el RCS, al igual que el estado del equipo y la rutina de ordeño. Análisis separados de empleado y propietario permitieron concluir que existe mayor variabilidad para los primeros, diferenciándose por conocimientos en la producción de leche y el manejo de la mastitis, la rutina y la experiencia. Conclusión. Existen factores clasificatorios en los sistemas de ordeño del sudeste de Brasil asociados al personal, el equipo y la rutina de ordeño. El entendimiento de estos factores posibilitará la implementación de estrategias que permitan producir leche de mejor calidad.

Ultrasound spectroscopy as an alternative method to measure the physical-chemical constituents of buffalo milk / Espectroscopia de ultrassom como método alternativo para a determinação das características físico-químicas do leite de búfalas

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to use ultrasound spectroscopy for the determination of the physical-chemical characteristics of buffalo milk and compare it to theinfrared method. Levels of fat, protein, lactose and non-fat solids (NFS) were determined in milk samples of 22 buffaloes (n = 383) with initial milk production of 6.97 ± 1.55 litres. The respective average results for the fat, protein, lactose and NFS of the individual samples were 6.31%, 3.81%, 4.99% and 9.75% for the infrared method-PO ANA 009 and 7.16%, 2.5%, 6.28% and 9.41% using ultrasound spectroscopy. There were significant differences (P<0.0001) in the levels of all of the components analysed between the two methods studied. Results obtained in the analyses using the ultrasonic milk analyser (Ekomilk Total®) were different from those obtained by the infrared method-PO ANA 009 (ESALQ), but they showed a high positive correlation for fat (r =0.84108, P<0.0001), moderate correlation for NFS(r= 0.71284 P = 0.0022), low correlation for lactose (r= 0.32197; P<0.0001) and the absence of correlation for protein(r= -0.00284, P<0.0001). Therefore, ultrasound spectroscopy can be used forthe determination of fat. For the other constituents of buffalo milk, in order to use the ultrasonic analyser, it is suggested that further studies should be conducted for technical and methodological adjustments.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se com este trabalho o uso da espectroscopia de ultrassom para a determinação das características físico-químicas do leite de búfalas frente ao métodoinfravermelho. As características de gordura, proteína, lactose e estrato seco desengordurado (ESD) foram determinadas em amostras de leite de 22 búfalas (n=383) com produção inicial de leite 6,97±1,55 litros. A média dos resultados para gordura, proteína, lactose e ESD das amostras individuais foram, respectivamente, 6,31%, 3,81%, 4,99% e 9,75% para o método infravermelho-PO ANA 009 e 7,16%, 2,5%, 6,28% e 9,41%, usando-se espectroscopia de ultrassom. Houve diferença significativa (P<0,0001) entre os teores de todos os componentes analisados entre os dois métodos estudados. Os resultados obtidos nas análises com o método utilizando analisador ultrassônico de leite (Ekomilk Total®) foram diferentes daqueles feitos por infravermelho-PO ANA 009 (ESALQ), porém, apresentaram correlação positiva alta para gordura (r = 0,84108; P<0,0001), moderada para ESD (r = 0,71284; P= 0,0022), baixa para lactose (r = 0,32197; P<0,0001) e ausente para proteína (r = -0,00284; P <0,0001), podendo, portanto, ser utilizado para determinação de gordura. Para os demais constituintes do leite de búfalas sugere-se, que para a utilização do analisador ultrassônico, mais estudos para ajustes técnicos e metodológicos sejam feitos.

Correlation between blood biochemical indexes and milk composition in early lactation cows in dairy cow / 中国兽医学报

Biochemical indexes and blood composition in early lactation health,ketosis and hypocalcemia dairy cows were analyzed to make sure the milk composition characteristics with related diseases,the correlation analysis between early lactating dairy milk composition and blood biochemical were also make in order to provide support for the cattle health assessment.According to theblood index,72 Holstein cows 7-21 d postpartum,were divided into group subclinical hypocalcemia,ketosis test group and control group,24 heads each group.The blood and milk of cows were collected and used to analyze the correlation between blood biochemical indexes and milk composition.The results showed that ketosis and hypocalcemia induced the level of milk protein and non fat milk solids decreased,while the content of citric acid in milk increased.The correlation equation between citric acid in milk and serum NEFA,BHBA and GLU was y=3.192x-0.802,(R2 =0.363),y=4.594x-0.793,(R2 =0.320),y=1.228x+0.775,(R2 =0.261),in which x was the content of citric acid in milk.The results showed that the content of citric acid in milk had positively related to blood NEFA,which could be used as an early marker for the diagnosis of negative energy balance.The levels of BUN and ALB in blood can be used to evaluate the levels of milk protein and urea.

Influence of lactation stages and rain periods on subclinical mastitis in meat producing ewes / Influência dos estágios de lactação e ocorrência de chuvas sobre a mastite subclínica em ovelhas com aptidão para produção de carne

ABSTRACT: Mastitis negatively influences the survival and weight gain of ovines for meat production. The purpose of this study was to investigate, in sheep for meat production, the occurrence of subclinical mastitis in ewes at the end of lactation and beginning of the consecutive lactation and to assess the composition and cellular characteristics of milk as a function of different rainfall indices. Mammary halves (821) of Santa Ines (479) and Morada Nova (342) ewes were examined. Milk samples were collected in two different moments of lactation: at weaning and postpartum of the consecutive lactation. Sample collection periods were called "dry" or "rainy" according to the rainfall index in the month immediately before the month of collection. The occurrence of subclinical mastitis at weaning in the Santa Ines and Morada Nova ewes were 16.4 and 12.6% in the dry period, and 17.7 and 23.5% in the rainy period, respectively. In the consecutive lactation period, the occurrences were 26.7 and 27.7% in the dry period and 41.8 and 39.1% in the rainy period, for the Santa Ines and Morada Nova ewes, respectively. Postpartum stage was critical for the occurrence of subclinical mastitis, as compared to that at the end of the previous lactation. Occurrence of the disease negatively influenced the SCC in the milk at the beginning of lactation and changed its composition, mainly in the rainiest periods, probably due to a difficulty in maintaining hygiene in the environment where the animals remained.

RESUMO: A mastite influencia negativamente na sobrevivência e no ganho de peso em ovinos com aptidão para produção de carne. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar, em ovelhas para produção de carne, a ocorrência de mastite ovina subclínica, no final de lactação e no início da lactação consecutiva, bem como avaliar as características composicionais e celulares do leite em função de diferentes índices pluviométricos. Metades mamárias (821) das raças 'Santa Inês' (479) e 'Morada Nova' (342) foram analisadas. As amostras de leite foram colhidas em dois estágios diferentes de lactação: no desmame e após o parto da lactação consecutiva. Os períodos de colheita de amostras foram denominados "seco" ou "chuvoso", conforme o índice de chuva no mês imediatamente antes ao mês da colheita. A ocorrência de mastite subclínica na desmama nas raças 'Santa Inês' e 'Morada Nova' foi de 16,4 e 12,6% no período seco, e 17,7 e 23,5% no período chuvoso, respectivamente. Na lactação consecutiva, as ocorrências foram 26,7 e 27,7% no período seco e 41,8 e 39,1% no período chuvoso, nas ovelhas 'Santa Inês' e 'Morada Nova', respectivamente. O período pós-parto foi crítico para a ocorrência de mastite subclínica, comparado àquele no final da lactação anterior. A ocorrência da doença teve uma influência negativa na CCS do leite no início da lactação e alterou sua composição, principalmente nos períodos mais chuvosos, provavelmente por dificuldade em manter a higiene no ambiente onde os animais permaneceram.

Qualidade do leite e perfil das propriedades leiteiras no sul de Santa Catarina: abordagem multivariada / Milk quality and profile of dairy farms in southern Santa Catarina: multivariate approach

O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar as propriedades leiteiras da região do Vale do Braço do Norte, sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil, quanto à qualidade do leite e ao perfil em infraestrutura, manejo e alimentação dos animais. Foram coletadas informações de 50 propriedades leiteiras, obtidas por meio da aplicação de um questionário estruturado, abrangendo questões socioeconômicas dos produtores, manejo do rebanho, estrutura da propriedade, caracterização dos animais, alimentação das vacas além de manejo e higiene da ordenha. As amostras de leite foram submetidas a análises de composição, contagem bacteriana total, contagem de células somáticas e estabilidade do leite ao teste do álcool. Os dados foram analisados pela análise fatorial, discriminante, canônica, e de agrupamento. As propriedades têm como principal característica a agricultura familiar, com área média de 30 hectares; destes, 15,1 são destinados à pecuária leiteira, com média de 23,1 vacas ordenhadas. Na análise fatorial, o primeiro fator representa as relações entre as práticas de higiene na ordenha e de controle/prevenção de mastite, o segundo fator compreende a infraestrutura da fazenda com o nível de produção e o terceiro fator demonstra a relação entre a suplementação concentrada, a produção e a estabilidade do leite ao teste do álcool. A análise de agrupamento formou três grupos, sendo dois compostos por produtores com maior nível tecnológico e outro constituído por pequenos produtores com menor infraestrutura e nível de tecnologia. As propriedades que apresentam infraestrutura mais adequada para a produção, maior adoção das práticas recomendadas de manejo de ordenha e critérios de alimentação mais adequados produzem leite com melhor qualidade.

The aim of this study was to characterize the dairy farms of the Vale do Braço do Norte region, south of Santa Catarina State, Brazil, regarding milk quality and profile of the farms for infrastructure, management and nutrition of the animals. Information about 50 dairy farms was obtained through a survey regarding socio-economic conditions of the farmers, farm structure, characterization of animals, cow feeding and also milking management and hygiene. The milk samples were analyzed for total bacterial count, somatic cell count and stability of milk to ethanol. The data were analyzed in factorial, discriminant, canonical and cluster analysis. The main characteristic of farms is family farming with an average area of 30 hectares, of which 15.1 are destined for dairy farming, where an average of 23.1 cows are milked. On the factor analysis, the first factor represents the relation between hygiene practices during milking and control / prevention of mastitis, the second factor comprises the infrastructure of the farm with the level of production and the third factor shows the ratio of concentrate supplementation, production and stability of the milk to the ethanol test. The cluster analysis formed three groups, two composed of producers with higher technological level and another by small producers with lower infrastructure and level of technology. The dairy farms that have more adequate infrastructure for production, greater adoption of practices recommended for milking management and more appropriate criteria for cow feeding produce better quality milk.

Associação entre o óleo de soja e o óleo de peixe na dieta de cabras em lactação como estratégia para melhorar o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite / Association between soybean oil and fish oil in the diet of lactating goats as a strategy to improve milk fatty acids profile

Os objetivos neste experimento foram avaliar os efeitos da associação entre o óleo de soja e o óleo de peixe na dieta de cabras em lactação sobre o consumo de matéria seca e de nutrientes, a variação do peso corporal, a produção e composição do leite, assim como o perfil de ácidos graxos. As cabras foram alocadas em baias individuais, onde receberam dieta composta por 50% de feno de "coastcross" e 50% de concentrado. Foram utilizadas nove cabras mestiças Boer x Saanen multíparas, distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 3 X 3. O experimento teve duração de 51 dias, divididos em três períodos de 17 dias, sendo os 13 primeiros dias para adaptação dos animais às dietas e os 4 dias subsequentes para colheita de amostras e de dados. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: a) dieta controle (CT), sem adição de óleo; b) dieta contendo 3% de óleo de soja (OS); e c) dieta contendo 2,5% de óleo de soja + 0,5% de óleo de peixe (OS+P). A inclusão dos óleos reduziu (P<0,05) o consumo de matéria seca, no entanto aumentou (P<0,05) a eficiência alimentar dos animais, sem afetar (P>0,05) a produção de leite. Houve efeito (P<0,05) da dieta no perfil de ácidos graxos do leite, sendo que ambos os tratamentos com adição de óleo elevaram as concentrações de ácidos graxos de cadeia média e longa, reduzindo os de cadeia curta. O tratamento com a combinação do óleo de soja com o óleo de peixe foi o que promoveu os maiores aumentos na concentração de ácido vacênico (398%), rumênico (352%) e de CLA total (341%) no leite. Os resultados permitem concluir que a suplementação lipídica elevou a eficiência alimentar dos animais e que o fornecimento de óleo de soja em combinação ao óleo de peixe aumentou a concentração no leite dos ácidos graxos benéficos à saúde humana.

The aims in this experiment were to determine the effects of the association between soybean and fish oils on dry matter intake (DMI) and nutrient intake, body weight change, milk production and composition and milk fatty acid profile of dairy goats. The animals were housed in tie stalls and fed a 50% of coastcross hay and 50% concentrate diet. Nine multiparous crossbred Boer x Saanen goats were assigned in tree 3 X 3 Latin Squares. The experimental period lasted 51 days; divided into three periods of 17 days, being the first nine days used to adapt goats to diets and the 4 other days for data collection. Experimental diets were: a) control diet (CT) without oil; b) control diet supplemented with 3% of soybean oil (SO); and c) control diet supplemented with 2.5% of soybean oil plus 0.5% of fish oil (SO+F). DMI was negatively influenced by oil addition. However, feed efficiency was higher in diets with oils, maintaining similar milk production (P>0.05 for all comparisons). The supply of oils changed milk fatty acids profile (P<0.05), increasing the concentrations of medium and long-chain fatty acids and reducing short-chain. Milk from goats fed the SO+F diet had higher concentration of vaccenic (398%), rumenic acid (352%) and total CLA (341%). The results indicate that the oil supply increased the feed efficiency of goats, and that the combination of soybean and fish oils caused a higher elevation of fatty acids considered to have health benefits.

Qualidade do leite bovino nas diferentes estações do ano no estado do Rio Grande do Norte / Quality of milk in different seasons in the Rio Grande do Norte State

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar indicadores da qualidade do leite cru de tanques de expansão em dois períodos do ano (seco e chuvoso) na região agreste do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Para isso, foram coletadas amostras de leite cru diretamente do tanque de expansão de oito propriedades no período de janeiro de 2010 a março de 2012. Os índices mensais médios de precipitação foram coletados do banco de dados da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte. As amostras foram analisadas quanto à composição, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT). A composição do leite não foi influenciada pela estação do ano (P>0,05) e apresentou médias de 3,53% para gordura, 3,30% para proteína e 12,19% para estrato seco total. Apesar do aumento na precipitação (P<0,05), não houve influencia da estação do ano (P>0,05) sobre os valores de CCS e CBT do leite nos tanques de expansão. A contagem bacteriana total variou de 795 a 505 mil UFC/mL de leite para o período seco e chuvoso, respectivamente. A estação do ano não influenciou na composição, CCS e CBT do leite bovino armazenado em tanques de expansão no agreste do Rio Grande do Norte.

The objective of this study was to evaluate indicators of the quality of raw milk from bulk tanks in two seasons (dry and rainy ) in the wild in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. For this, we collected samples of raw milk directly from the expansion tank eight properties in the period January 2010 to March 2012. The average monthly rainfall indices were collected from the database of the Agricultural Research Company of Rio Grande do Norte. The samples were analyzed for composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC). Milk composition was not affected by season (P > 0.05) and showed an average of 3.53% for fat, protein and 3.30% to 12.19% for total dry stratum. Despite the increased precipitation (P <0.05), there was no influence of season (P> 0.05) on the values of the milk SCC and TBC in the expansion tank. The total bacterial count ranged 795-505 mil CFU / ml of milk to the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. The season does not influence the composition, SCC and TBC bovine milk stored in bulk tanks in rural Rio Grande do Norte

Qualidade do leite bovino nas diferentes estações do ano no estado do Rio Grande do Norte / Quality of milk in different seasons in the Rio Grande do Norte State

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar indicadores da qualidade do leite cru de tanques de expansão em dois períodos do ano (seco e chuvoso) na região agreste do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Para isso, foram coletadas amostras de leite cru diretamente do tanque de expansão de oito propriedades no período de janeiro de 2010 a março de 2012. Os índices mensais médios de precipitação foram coletados do banco de dados da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio Grande do Norte. As amostras foram analisadas quanto à composição, contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem bacteriana total (CBT). A composição do leite não foi influenciada pela estação do ano (P>0,05) e apresentou médias de 3,53% para gordura, 3,30% para proteína e 12,19% para estrato seco total. Apesar do aumento na precipitação (P0,05) sobre os valores de CCS e CBT do leite nos tanques de expansão. A contagem bacteriana total variou de 795 a 505 mil UFC/mL de leite para o período seco e chuvoso, respectivamente. A estação do ano não influenciou na composição, CCS e CBT do leite bovino armazenado em tanques de expansão no agreste do Rio Grande do Norte.

The objective of this study was to evaluate indicators of the quality of raw milk from bulk tanks in two seasons (dry and rainy )in the wild in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. For this, we collected samples of raw milk directly from the expansion tank eightproperties in the period January 2010 to March 2012. The average monthly rainfall indices were collected from the database of theAgricultural Research Company of Rio Grande do Norte. The samples were analyzed for composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC). Milk composition was not affected by season (P > 0.05) and showed an average of 3.53% for fat, protein and 3.30% to 12.19% for total dry stratum. Despite the increased precipitation (P 0.05) on the values of the milk SCC and TBC in the expansion tank. The total bacterial count ranged 795-505 mil CFU / ml of milk to the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. The season does not influence the composition, SCC and TBC bovine milk stored in bulk tanks in rural Rio Grande do Norte.

Suplementação de lisina e metionina em associação ou não com o óleo de soja na dieta de vacas leiteiras / Supplementation of lysine and methionine in association or not with soybean oil in dairy cow diets

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a suplementação de lisina e metionina em associação ou não ao óleo de soja na dieta de vacas leiteiras e seus efeitos sobre a produção e a composição do leite. Doze vacas Holandesas foram distribuídas em quadrado latino 4x4, com as dietas O+LM (dieta acrescida de óleo de soja, lisina e metionina misturados na dieta total), OLM (dieta com o complexo óleo de soja/lisina e metionina fornecido separadamente da dieta total), OS (dieta acrescida de óleo de soja fornecido separadamente da dieta total) e LM (dieta acrescida de lisina e metionina fornecidos separadamente da dieta total). A produção de leite, a de proteína e a de gordura não foram afetadas pela adição de lisina e metionina associadas ou não com óleo de soja. O percentual de gordura do leite, a produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura e a produção de leite corrigida para sólidos totais reduziram-se com a adição de óleo de soja na dieta. O percentual de proteína aumentou 0,14% (p<0,05) com a adição de óleo na presença de lisina e metionina na dieta. Os resultados sugerem efeito protetor do complexo óleo/lisina e metionina da degradação ruminal na condição experimental proposta...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of lysine and methionine supplementation with or without soybean oil in the diet of dairy cows on milk production and composition. Twelve Holstein cows were randomly distributed in a 4x4 latin square where the diets were O+LM (diet with soybean oil, lysine and methionine added in the total mixed ration), OLM (diet with complex soybean oil/ lysine and methionine provided as top dressed), OS (diet with soybean oil provided as top dressed) and LM (diet with lysine and methionine provided as top dressed). The milk production, milk protein and milk fat production were not affected by the addition of lysine and methionine in association or not with soybean oil in the diet. The milk fat percentage, 3.5% fat-corrected milk and solids corrected milk were reduced with increasing soybean oil in the diet. The milk protein percentage increased in 0.14% (P < 0.05) when soybean oil was added to the diet in the presence of the lysine and methionine. The results suggest a protection effect of oil/lysine and methionine complex from the rumen degradation in this experimental condition...

Effect of Garlic Powder on Methane Production Rumen Fermentation and Milk Production of Buffaloes.

Aims: Use of natural feed additives to improve the milk production of buffalos. Place and Duration of Study: National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India between May 2011 and July 2012. Methodology: Garlic Powder (GRP) at 2, 4, and 6% of DMI was incubated for 24h in diluted ruminal fluid with a 50:50 roughage: concentrate wheat straw based diet. GRP at 2 and 6% DMI have resulted in decrease of molar proportion of acetate and butyrate but it has not effected on in vitro true dry matter digestibility and propionate production. Results: Methane emission was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in presence of GRP. Further, GRP (at the rate 2% of DMI) was evaluated under in vivo conditions in Ten lactating Murrah buffaloes divided into two groups i.e. Control and Treatment group , and it shown very promising results on methane reduction. Methane was reduced up to 31% in case of GRP, without affecting digestibility of nutrients and milk composition in comparison to control group. Conclusion: Overall milk production was remained similar in all groups but just after supplementation of GRP, and up to 12 weeks of supplementation, it remained significantly higher in treatment group as compared to control group.

Prediction of bovine milk true protein content by mid-infrared spectroscopy / Estimativa do teor de proteína verdadeira do leite bovino por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho médio

The aim of this study was to estimate the concentration of milk true protein (TP) by mid-infrared absorbance method (MIR) in samples from bulk tank of dairy herds, and to determine the correlation between the results of TP of milk determined by Kjeldahl and MIR. Forty nine dairy herds were selected (17 Holstein, 6 Jersey and 26 Girolando) for monthly collections of samples from bulk tanks during the period of one year (284 samples). Fat, lactose, crude protein and total solids were firstly determined by MIR, and then analyzed for total and true protein by Kjeldahl method. The regression equation to estimate TP contents based on MIR crude protein determination was as follows: TP=0.0021+(1.0104xCP), where: TP is the content of true protein, CP is the crude protein content determined by the MIR method, and 0.0155 is the model error term.

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o teor de proteína verdadeira (PV) do leite por meio de metodologia de espectroscopia na região do infravermelho médio (IVM), em amostras de tanque de rebanhos leiteiros comerciais, e determinar a correlação entre os resultados de proteína verdadeira do leite determinados pelo método de Kjeldahl e por IVM. Foram selecionados 49 rebanhos leiteiros (17 da raça Holandesa, seis da raça Jersey e 26 da raça Girolando) para coletas mensais de amostras de leite de tanque durante o período de um ano, totalizando 284 amostras analisadas. As amostras de leite foram analisadas inicialmente em relação aos teores de gordura, lactose, proteína bruta e sólidos totais por IVM, sendo em seguida analisadas quanto ao teor de PB e PV pelo método de Kjeldahl. A equação de regressão para estimativa do teor de PV com base nos teores de proteína bruta foi a seguinte: PV=0,0021+(1,0104xPB); em que: PV é o teor de proteína verdadeira estimado; PB é o teor de proteína bruta pelo método IVM e 0,0155 é o erro apresentado pelo modelo.

Substituição parcial de farelo de soja por uréia na alimentação de vacas Girolanda em lactação / Parcial replacement of soy bean meal by urea on Girolanda lactation cows ration

Objetivo - Comparar a substituição parcial de farelo de soja por uréia sobre a produtividade e qualidade do leite. Métodos - Foram utilizadas 24 vacas Girolanda em lactação em um experimento com delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Dois concentrados foram utilizados: (C) controle, sendo a principal fonte de proteína o farelo de soja e (U) uréia, neste tratamento 1/3 da proteína total foi substituída por nitrogênio não protéico (NNP) oriundo da uréia. Foram avaliadas a produção, a composição e as características físico-químicas do leite. As dietas foram formuladas seguindo as recomendações do NRC (2001) e a nutrição protéica foi acompanhada pela concentração de uréia plasmática. A contagem de células somáticas foi utilizada com a finalidade de monitorar a sanidade da glândula mamária. Resultados - A produção leiteira foi diferente (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos 9,41 para o grupo Uréia vs. 7,98 kg/vaca/dia para o grupo Controle. A composição e as características físico-químicas foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). Houve redução de 11,5% no custo do concentrado com inclusão de uréia. Conclusão - A substituição parcial do farelo de soja por uréia em dietas para vacas Girolanda mostrou-se uma alternativa viável para a produção leiteira, pois além de aumentar a produção, reduziu os custos com alimentação, sem alterar o valor nutricional do leite.

Objective - To compare the partially replacement of soybean meal by urea on lactation performance in experiment completely randomized. Methods - Twenty four Girolanda dairy cows were used. Two treatments were used: (C) control, being the main source of protein soybean meal and (U) urea, in this treatment 1/3 of total protein was replaced by non-protein nitrogen (NPN) derived from the urea. Milk production, composition and physico-chemical characteristic were measured. Diets were formulated following the recommendations of NRC (2001) and protein diet was accompanied by the concentration of blood urea nitrogen. Somatic cell count was used to monitor udder health. Results - There were differences (P>0.05) among treatments only for milk production 9.41 for urea treatment vs. 7.98 kg/cow/day for control treatment. Milk composition and physico-quimical characteristics were similar among treatments (P>0.05). There was a decrease of 11,5% in the cost of the concentrate with addition of urea. Conclusion - This study indicated that using urea for lactating Girolanda dairy cows had no detrimental effect on lactation performance or on milk nutritional value.

Produção, composição do leite e constituintes sangüíneos de cabras alimentadas com diferentes volumosos / Production, milk composition and blood parameters in goats fed different forages

Utilizaram-se nove cabras da raça Saanen, para estudar o efeito de dietas compostas por três diferentes fontes de volumosos, feno de alfafa, silagem de milho e feno de aveia, sobre a ingestão de matéria seca, produção e composição do leite e sobre os constituintes sangüíneos, glicose e uréia plasmáticas, em triplo quadrado latino 3x3. Os consumos de matéria seca e proteína bruta dos animais alimentados com feno de alfafa foram mais altos que os à base de silagem de milho (P<0,05), e os que receberam feno de aveia consumiram mais constituintes da parede celular que os demais (P<0,05). Não houve efeito (P>0,05) das dietas sobre a produção diária de leite (kg/dia), sobre os teores ( por cento) de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais e sobre a contagem de células somáticas (cels/mlx1000). Os animais que consumiram feno de alfafa produziram maiores quantidades (P<0,05) de proteína, gordura e lactose comparados àqueles que receberam dietas com silagem de milho. Não houve efeito das dietas sobre a concentração de glicose plasmática (P>0,05). Os resultados indicaram que a fonte de volumoso, em rações isoenergéticas e isoproteicas, afeta o desempenho dos animais pela alteração no consumo de MS e PB e produção dos constituintes do leite (kg/dia).

Nine Saanen dairy goats, consuming diets composed of three different sources of roughage (alfalfa hay, corn silage, and oat hay) were used to study the effect of those diets on the ingestion of dry matter (DM), on milk production, milk composition, and plasmatic glucose and urea levels. The experimental design was a triple latin square 3x3. The intakes of DM and crude protein by the animals fed on alfalfa hay were higher than those fed ration based on corn silage (P<0.05), while those receiving oat hay presented a higher intake of the cellular wall compared to the others (P<0.05). There was no percentual effect (P>0.05) of the diets on the daily milk production and on the fat, protein, lactose, and total solids contents, and on the somatic cells count (SCC), but those cows that received diets with alfalfa hay produced higher amounts (g/day) (P<0.05) of protein, fat, and lactose than those that received diets with corn silage. There was no effect of the diets on the concentration of plasmatic glucose (P>0.05). It can be concluded that the forage sources affect the animal performance from changes in both DM and CP intakes and production of milk components (kg/day).

Desempenho produtivo e composição do leite de vacas da raça holandesa no final da lactação, manejadas em pastagem esuplementadas com diferentes níveis de concentrado / Holstein cows productive performance and milk composition in late lactating, management in pasture supplementedwith different levels of concentrate

Foram utilizadas 36 vacas da raça Holandesa na fase final de lactação em um delineamento com parcelas sub-subdivididas, em pastejo de Coastcross, com o objetivo de se avaliar diferentes quantidades de suplementação: três e seis quilos de concentrado, sobre o desempenho animal (produção e composição do leite, peso e condição corporal). O Coastcross manejado em pastejo intermitente no período de verão, com lotação de cinco unidades animal por hectare apresentou em média 11,7% de PB; 70,2% de FDN; 35,2% de FDA e 63,7% de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca. A maior ingestão de concentrado pelas vacas que receberam seis quilos de concentrado não afetou (P>0,05) a produção de leite, os teores de proteína, gordura, lactose e sólidos totais do leite produzido. No entanto, o escore da condição corporal (ECC) e a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) aumentaram com a maior suplementação de concentrado. Concluiu-se então que a suplementação de vacas holandesas no terço final de lactação mantidas em pastejo de Coastcross sp, com três e seis quilos de concentrado, não influenciou o peso corporal, a produção e a composição do leite (gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais). No entanto, a maior suplementação influenciou o ECC e a CCS.

Thirty-six late lactating Holstein cows in a split-split-plot design model in a Coast-cross pasture were used in order to assess different amounts of supplement: three and six kilos of concentrate mixture under the animal performance (milk production andcomposition, body weight and body condition). The coast-cross managed in intermittent grazing in the summer, with a stockingrate of 5 animal/ hectare presented an average of 11.7% of CP; 70.2% of NDF; 35.2% of ADF, and 63.7% of in vitro dry matterdigestibility. Higher ingestion of concentrate mixture by the cows which received six kilos of concentrate mixture did not affect milkproduction (P<0.05), the protein content, lactose, and of the total solids in the milk produced. However, the body conditions score(BCS) and the somatic cell count (SCC) increase as a result of the higher supplement of concentrate mixture. It was thusconcluded that supplementing late lactating Holstein cows grazing on coast-cross pasture with three or six kilos of concentratemixture did not influence their body weight, production, and milk composition (fat, protein, lactose, and total solids). However, higher supplementation influenced both BCS and SCC.